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Journal of Economic Literature Subject Descriptors
(JEL Classifications)

A00 - General

A1 - General Economics

A10 - General

A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

A14 - Sociology of Economics

A19 - Other

A2 - Teaching of Economics

A20 - General

A21 - Precollege

A22 - Undergraduate

A23 - Graduate

A29 - Other

B00 - General

B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925

B10 - General

B11 - Preclassical

B12 - Classical

B13 - Neoclassical through 1925

B14 - Socialist; Marxist

B15 - Historical; Institutional

B19 - Other

B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925

B20 - General

B21 - Microeconomics

B22 - Macroeconomics

B23 - Econometrics; Quantitative Studies

B24 - Socialist; Marxist

B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary

B29 - Other

B3 - History of Thought: - Individuals

B30 - General

B31 - Individuals

B4 - Economic Methodology

B40 - General

B41 - Economic Methodology

B49 - Other

C00 - General

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: - General

C10 - General

C11 - Bayesian Analysis

C12 - Hypothesis Testing

C13 - Estimation

C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods

C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods

C19 - Other

C2 - Econometric Methods: - Single Equation Models

C20 - General

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models

C22 - Time-Series Models

C23 - Models with Panel Data

C24 - Truncated and Censored Models

C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models

C29 - Other

C3 - Econometric Methods: - Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models

C30 - General

C31 - Cross-Sectional Models

C32 - Time-Series Models

C33 - Models with Panel Data

C34 - Truncated and Censored Models

C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models

C39 - Other

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: - Special Topics

C40 - General

C41 - Duration Analysis

C42 - Survey Methods

C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation

C44 - Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research

C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics

C49 - Other

C5 - Econometric Modeling

C50 - General

C51 - Model Construction and Estimation

C52 - Model Evaluation and Testing

C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications

C59 - Other

C6 - Mathematical Methods and Programming

C60 - General

C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis

C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium

C63 - Computational Techniques

C67 - Input-Output Models

C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models

C69 - Other

C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

C70 - General

C71 - Cooperative Games

C72 - Noncooperative Games

C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games

C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory

C79 - Other

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C80 - General

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data

C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data

C87 - Econometric Software

C88 - Other Computer Software

C89 - Other

C9 - Design of Experiments

C90 - General

C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior

C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior

C93 - Field Experiments

C99 - Other

D00 - General

D1 - Household Behavior

D10 - General

D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory

D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

D13 - Household Production

D18 - Consumer Protection

D19 - Other

D2 - Production and Organizations

D20 - General

D21 - Firm Behavior

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity

D29 - Other

D3 - Distribution

D30 - General

D31 - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution

D33 - Factor Income Distribution

D39 - Other

D4 - Market Structure and Pricing

D40 - General

D41 - Perfect Competition

D42 - Monopoly

D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

D44 - Auctions

D45 - Rationing; Licensing

D46 - Value Theory

D49 - Other

D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

D50 - General

D51 - Exchange and Production Economies

D52 - Incomplete Markets

D57 - Input-Output Analysis

D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models

D59 - Other

D6 - Economic Welfare

D60 - General

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis

D62 - Externalities

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D64 - Altruism

D69 - Other

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D70 - General

D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees

D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking,

Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation

D79 - Other

D8 - Information and Uncertainty

D80 - General

D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information

D83 - Search, Learning, and Information

D84 - Expectations; Speculations

D89 - Other

D9 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth

D90 - General

D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving

D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing

D99 - Other

E00 - General

E1 - General Aggregative Models

E10 - General

E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary

E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian

E13 - Neoclassical

E17 - Forecasting and Simulation

E19 - Other

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment

E20 - General

E21 - Consumption; Saving

E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity

E23 - Production

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages

E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution

E27 - Forecasting and Simulation

E29 - Other

E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

E30 - General

E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation

E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

E37 - Forecasting and Simulation

E39 - Other

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E40 - General

E41 - Demand for Money

E42 - Monetary Standards and Regimes; Government and the Monetary System

E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates

E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy

E47 - Forecasting and Simulation

E49 - Other

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E50 - General

E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers

E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)

E53 - Deposit Insurance

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

E59 - Other

E6 - Macroeconomic - Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy,

and General Outlook

E60 - General

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation

E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary or Stabilization Policy

E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy

E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes

E66 - General Outlook and Conditions

E69 - Other

F00 - - General

F01 - Global Outlook

F02 - International Economic Order; Economic Integration: General

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies

F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations

F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade

F15 - Economic Integration

F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
F18 - Trade and Environment

F19 - Other

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F20 - General

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F29 - Other

F3 - International Finance

F30 - General

F31 - Foreign Exchange

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

F35 - Foreign Aid

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F39 - Other

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F40 - General

F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics

F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

F47 - Forecasting and Simulation

F49 - Other

G00 - - General

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General

G11 - Portfolio Choice

G12 - Asset Pricing

G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing

G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies

G15 - International Financial Markets

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

G19 - Other

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G20 - General

G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies

G23 - Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions

G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G29 - Other

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G30 - General

G31 - Capital Budgeting; Investment Policy

G32 - Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure

G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

G35 - Payout Policy

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

G39 - Other

H00 - - General

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H10 - General

H11 - Structure and Scope of Government

H19 - Other

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H20 - General

H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation

H22 - Incidence

H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects

H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

H26 - Tax Evasion

H29 - Other

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H30 - General

H31 - Household

H32 - Firm

H39 - Other

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H40 - General

H41 - Public Goods

H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods

H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate

H49 - Other

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H50 - General

H51 - Government Expenditures and Health

H52 - Government Expenditures and Education

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

H54 - Infrastructures

H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions

H56 - National Security and War

H57 - Procurement

H59 - Other

H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

H60 - General

H61 - Budget; Budget Systems

H62 - Deficit

H63 - Debt; Debt Management

H69 - Other

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H70 - General

H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures

H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects

H74 - State and Local Borrowing

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations

H79 - Other

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H80 - General

H81 - Governmental Loans and Credits

H82 - Governmental Property

H87 - International Fiscal Issues

H89 - Other

I00 - - General

I1 - Health

I10 - General

I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets

I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Disability, and Economic Behavior

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I19 - Other

I2 - Education

I20 - General

I21 - Analysis of Education

I22 - Educational Finance

I28 - Government Policy

I29 - Other

I3 - Welfare and Poverty

I30 - General

I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Quality of Life

I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

I38 - Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

I39 - Other

J00 - General

J1 - Demographic Economics

J10 - General

J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure

J13 - Fertility; Child Care; Children; Youth

J14 - Economics of the Elderly

J15 - Economics of Minorities

J16 - Economics of Gender

J17 - Value of Life; Foregone Income

J18 - Public Policy

J19 - Other

J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination

J20 - General

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

J23 - Employment Determination; Demand for Labor; Self-employment

J24 - Human Capital Formation; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies

J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy

J29 - Other

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J30 - General

J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.

J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions

J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods

J38 - Public Policy

J39 - Other

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J40 - General

J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models,

Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets

J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets

J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets

J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations

J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

J49 - Other

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J50 - General

J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes; Arbitration; Mediation

J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence

J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms

J58 - Public Policy

J59 - Other

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies

J60 - General

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings

J68 - Public Policy

J69 - Other

J7 - Discrimination

J70 - General

J71 - Discrimination

J78 - Public Policy

J79 - Other

K00 - - General

K1 - Basic Areas of Law

K10 - General

K11 - Property Law

K12 - Contract Law

K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability

K14 - Criminal Law

K19 - Other

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K20 - General

K21 - Antitrust Law

K22 - Corporation and Securities Law

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K29 - Other

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K30 - General

K31 - Labor Law

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

K33 - International Law

K34 - Tax Law

K39 - Other

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K40 - General

K41 - Litigation Process

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

K49 - Other

L00 - General

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation

L15 - Information and Product Quality

L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure